Shell Oil and the Exploitation of Nigeria Essays - 2221 Words

Shell Oil and the Exploitation of Nigeria nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nigeria has been a country in political turmoil for a long time. The country was created in 1914 under British colonial rule and at that time it was considered a protectorate. It was not until 1960 that Nigeria received independence from the United Kingdom. One of Nigerias problems politically is that it has over three hundred different ethnic groups. The three largest of these are the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba. At the time of the independence of Nigeria it was split up into three states with each state being under the control of one of the major ethnic groups. The natural resources of the other 297 ethnic groups were exploited for the major three groups,†¦show more content†¦He wrote a Bill of Rights calling for protection of the environment in the Ogoni region and basic rights for the Ogoni people. His Bill of Rights was completely ignored by the government. He went on to do peaceful demonstrations against Shells oil plants where special polic e forces came in and killed and injured many Ogoni people. In May 1995 Ken Sao-Wiwa and his close MOSOP associates were accused of the murders of four Ogoni chiefs. Their trial was closed to the public Ken Saro-Wiwas legal defense resigned saying that the trial was not impartial or independent and no matter what they would all be found guilty. Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight of his close associates were all hanged. Shell has since spent millions trying to repair the damage they inadvertently caused in Nigeria and the worlds major powers have taken small actions against Nigeria. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Violation of Human Rights, destruction of the environment, and denial of freedom of speech and congregation are the ethical issues raised in this case. The Human Rights violations are many. The Nigerian special police force raped, tortured, and murdered hundreds who spoke out against the tyrannical government. All together they killed 2,000 Ogoni, razed 27 villages and displaced over 80,000 people who fled into the bush as refugees. The oil spills by the Shell Company, the lying of the pipeline across farmlands, andShow MoreRelatedNigerian Development : The Face Of Oil Extraction And How Mncs Such As Shell Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesarchetypal example of an oil state and primary exporting country, Nigeria is the largest oil exporter in Africa and the world’s tenth largest oil producer (Pyagbara 2007: 1). As of 2010, crude oil and petroleum gas accounted for approximately 80% of the country’s overall exports, totaling over $50.3 billion in r evenues the next year (Pyagbara 2007: 2). Despite maintaining a lucrative resource that could arguably catalyze momentum towards economic development, poverty plagues Nigeria and continues to riseRead MoreThe Help of Shell in the Niger Delta Region Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe Help of Shell in the Niger Delta Region TABLE OF CONTENTâ€Æ' Introduction Shell is a group of oil and petrol companies. The parent company is Royal Dutch Shell, based in Britain, is a multinational corporation (MNC). The group of companies is active in countries all over the world, including Nigeria. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is extremely rich in oil resources. Rightly so, their business-connection goes back over fifty years. Likewise, a Shell company, the Shell Petroleum DevelopmentRead MoreThe Niger Delta And The Oil Companies1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Niger Delta is a region of Nigeria that is very rich in crude oil and gas. Crude oil and gas make up 70% of the country s revenue and 95% of it s export earnings (Ezekoli, 5608). Those percentages are incredibly high and represents large amounts of money that can be found in the region. However, the people of the Niger Delta never see the wealth that comes from their natural resources. The wealth instead goes to the oil companies set up in the area as well as the pockets of a few elite governmen tRead More Blood, Sweat, Tears and Oil: The mistreatment of the Ogoni People by Royal Dutch Shell4806 Words   |  20 Pagesand Oil: The mistreatment of the Ogoni People by Royal Dutch Shell and the Nigerian Government Introduction Nigeria, located in West Africa, is a densely populated nation of over 100 million people. Since the nation’s independence from Britain in 1960, the country has been in the hands of various leaders ranging from religious to staunchly militant. Nigeria is the sixth largest producer of crude oil in the world and it has one of the largest deposits of natural gas (Wiwa, 2001). Oil accountsRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Niger Delta1743 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION TO THE CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA Nigeria is the 7th world largest oil producer and is a major player in the world energy market. Oil and gas is Nigeria’s main source of revenue. It accounts for about 40% of the Gross Domestic Product and 70% of government revenues (Lawal 2004). Crude oil was first discovered in 1956 by Shell British Petroleum in a small village called Oloibiri present day Bayelsa State. Two years later oil in larger quantities was discovered in Ogoni. The Niger deltaRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization on Nigeria2317 Words   |  10 Pagesglobalization on one of the richest countries in resources in Africa – Nigeria. I want to explore in particular the negative and positive effects that oil prospecting has had in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, economically, socially and environmentally. I also wish to analyze the extent to which the Nigerian government is responsible for the region’s lack of economic prosperity. My hypothesis is that the involvement of foreign companies in oil extraction has had a mostly negative impact on the region andRead MoreSocial Responsibility For The Welfare Of Society Essay2190 Words   |  9 Pagescompelled to construct a base for a close alliance and discussion with the community, as well as assist the community in capacity building in all aspects of social and economic development . In Nigeria for instance, Shell Petroleum is the only oil company that is a member of the WBCSD and as such, the activities of Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) ought to be situated within sustainable development and corporate social responsibility in the Niger Delta where it is located. The Organization forRead MoreShell Petroleum Discovery Of Nigeria Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In 1956, Shell Petroleum discovered oil in commercial quantity in Nigeria. Within a decade, oil exploration speedily replaced agriculture as the mainstay of the country’s economy. In 2006, roughly 97 percent of exchange revenue and about 80 percent of all government expenditures came from petroleum proceeds . The Niger Delta region is located at the southernmost part of Nigeria and comprises of nine states; Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Rivers State, Abia, Imo andRead MoreMultinational Companies and Their Social Responsibilities (Α Case Study of Shell, Nigeria)15078 Words   |  61 PagesCHAPTER TWO 2.0 AN OVERVIEW OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGERIA 2.1 Introduction This chapter will provide basic knowledge of Shell Nigeria Oil Company and its operation in Nigeria, in particular regarding its ethics, performance, social involvement, contribution to national income and its contribution to keeping the environment green. Since the Rio Conference of 1992 the code of conduct for all extractive industries including crude oil mining companies has underlined the following principlesRead MoreThe Petroleum Revenue And Economic Growth Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages The Petroleum Revenue and Economic Growth in Nigeria. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The Petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest source of government revenue and it occupies a pivotal position in term of foreign exchange earnings with about 90 percent and over 80 percent contribution to the Gross domestic product. Petroleum sector is the mainstay of Nigerian economy since its discovery in commercial quantity in Oloibiri, Bayelsa State Nigeria in 1956. From 1970 to 2009, the income from petroleum

Theologians Views on Revelations - 757 Words

Theologians Views on Revelations When one thinks of revelations, most people think of the last book of the Bible. This is not what we are talking about in this precise study. We are talking about how God reveals himself to us. It is clear that God reveals himself through many means, all of which contribute to our knowledge of God God reveals himself to me through many different ways. My church, my fellow Christian friends and of course, the Holy Bible. The Bible is the second best thing that he gave us, next to Jesus Christ. This is a handbook for our life. If we do what it says, we will live our life eternally in heaven with him. That will be our reward. He wants us to read the scripture. When we do so we feel his presence, through the Holy Spirit. â€Å"However, we must distinguish between Scripture, as the unique source of revelation, the fons unicum, and other sources as subordinate to Scripture. Reminding us of the special role that Scripture plays, Spykman says, â€Å"Given the reality of our radical fall in to sin, there is only one noetic point of departure, the Bible.† Likewise, Warfield says, â€Å"the superior lucidity of this revelation makes it the norm of interpretation for what is revealed so much more darkly through the other methods of manifestation.†(Shepherd, nd) Several past theologians believe that God reveals himself through us by scripture. These are: †¢ John Calvin (1509-64) wrote a book called The Institutes. He basically states that we can knowShow MoreRelatedRoman Catholicism And The Catholic Church993 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems with the transcendence and immanence. There has been some change during the Second Vatican Council, where it were to become more modernize, the Catholic Church and it doctrine. The importance of Vatican II and the necessary for Catholic theologian that is concern with the Catholic Church. Another question that will be address in this essay, is to consider of Catholic theology, such as Rahner and Kung who had started to develop the modern Catholic theology that is connected to contemporaryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Revelation Relationship Between The Seals, Trumpets, And Bowls930 Words   |  4 Pages Dale Ralph Davis, a theologian, professor, and pastor wrote a persuasive journal article involving the book of Revelation entitled Relationship Between the Seals, Trumpets, and Bowls in the Book of Revelation. In this article he lays out his thesis as ‘Each of these series of judgments [the Seals, Trumpets, and Bowls] is primarily sequential to the preceding one(s), but that the end of each series is parallel to the end of the other series (i.e., that the sixth and seventh seals, the seventh trumpetRead MoreChristian Theology And Feminist Theology1699 Words   |  7 PagesIf one were to ask ten modern day theologians to define the word â€Å"theology,† it is likely that they would hear ten different answers. Even within the various types of theology, for example, Christian theology, there are a wide spectrum of attitudes and beliefs. Even more so, if one were to compare evangelical theology with feminist theology, the differences would add up quickly. Two modern day theologians, Stanley Grenz and Catherine Keller, well known in their respective fields, have approachedRead MoreWhat Is Theology Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagestheir ideas in terminology familiar in current thought. Hence arose the close relation of Christian theology with Greek philosophy formulated by the Greek and Latin Fathers of the Church . St. Augustine , a Latin Father and one of the greatest theologians, introduced and standardized in his writings teachings that became central to Christian theology. Augustines influence was paralleled in the East by that of Origen. From the dictionary theology is known as the science of God or of religion. AlsoRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Of Science And Religion1585 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause science are trying to prove, how our universe came to be. Religion and science maybe two different bodies, but they sometime reunite when one tries to prove the other wrong. It is clearly seen that science and religion are two distinct points of view but that in some point tend to coexist with each other. We all know that religion and science have been the notion of many debates and disagreements between people for years. The truth is that people cannot leave religion behind because religion wasRead MoreGlobal Missions Paper1189 Words   |  5 Pageswill analyzes Escobars thesis and compares and contrasts his theological contribution with other theologians. I will discussion Escobars contextual approach as compared/contrasted in relation to one theological theme with two other contemporary theologians. I will summarize how Escobars overall theological contribution either expands or challenges the theological perspectives of the two theologians chosen. Lastly, I will look at how these perspectives would influence my ministry if I were in aRead More what is theology Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagestheir ideas in terminology familiar in current thought. Hen ce arose the close relation of Christian theology with Greek philosophy formulated by the Greek and Latin Fathers of the Church . St. Augustine , a Latin Father and one of the greatest theologians, introduced and standardized in his writings teachings that became central to Christian theology. Augustines influence was paralleled in the East by that of Origen. From the dictionary theology is known as the science of God or of religion. AlsoRead MoreReasons For The Study Of Spirituality From A Theological Perspective1728 Words   |  7 Pagesweaknesses, and implications of Wolftiech s reasons viewed from a Reformed theological frame of reference. Finally, a conclusion will be offered suggesting a reforming approach to Practical theology. Wolftiech s reasons Wolftiech considers practical theologians as having a rich understanding of the nature of practice and possessing methods for constructing critical dialogue between traditions and contemporary contexts , as well as an explicitly formative and transformative aim .1 This aim isRead MoreJohn Calvin s Philosophy On The Knowledge Of God1463 Words   |  6 Pagestransformed the Christian religion and has created a foundational view of the knowledge and sovereignty of God. One of Calvin’s famous books is the Institutes of the Christian Religion. Throughout this book Calvin uses nature and the assumption of humanities common sense to support his points. Though a few faulty arguments arise in his institutes, Calvin’s arguments remain strong to this day. Calvin argues that through the revelation of God, humanity receives the knowledge of God as Creator. AfterRead MoreTransformed World View Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesCurtis, pages 131-155, and give written responses to questions 1 and 6 on page 152. Study Questions for Curtis, Chapter 8, Page 152 1. Consider the farmer in Isa. 28:23-29, whose God-given knowledge of farming techniques comes through general revelation. Have you ever experienced anything similar? Have you ever learned how to do something through tradition, observation, experimentation, but believe the lessons come ultimately from God? (INSERT ANSWER HERE) 6. A friend tells you that

European Union Essay Research Paper Executive SummaryThis free essay sample

European Union Essay, Research Paper Executive Summary This study is a brief informational overview of past, present and future actions towards a incorporate Europe. European Union The European Union consists of 15 states. Under the Union these states will hold one currency, one set of Torahs and one authorities. After four decennaries there is still a slow route in front. Regulating Bodies A Parliament and Council govern the European Union. Citizens ballot in elections every five old ages to elect their leaders. European Economic Community to European Union In 1957 after World War II, the European Economic Community was formed, ab initio uniting Europe s large industries. By 1991 the European Economic Community had grown into a fifteen-member Union. All included provinces agreed to the Maastricht Treaty and are now forcing for a individual currency. Problems with The Union For many old ages Europe has been plagued by barbarous wars over faith, boundary lines, and even old pride. Some people still experience really strongly about these issues. States of the Warsaw Pact are eager to fall in the Union, nevertheless Russians feel unwanted. They feel because of their communist backgrounds other states do non swear them. Some people say the Union will hold excessively much power. These people feel some Torahs and plans should be left up to the single provinces. Future of E.U. Eleven member provinces are exchanging their currency to the Euro in January of 2002. A twenty-four hours will come when all states on our continent will organize a European brotherhood # 8230 ; A twenty-four hours will come when we shall see # 8230 ; the United States of America and the United States of Europe, face to face, making out for each other across the seas. # 8221 ; Victor Hugo ( 1848 ) Europe is made up of more than 30 states and even more distinguishable civilizations ; they are now seeking to set to new economic systems throughout the universe. Today there are new and large powers such as: N.A.F.T.A. and G.N.A.T.T. Europe is seeking to progress it s old system called the European Economic Community ( EEC ) to go the European Union. One European Parliament regulations the current rank of 15 states. The current E.U. members listed in order of rank are: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark, Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Finland, and Sweden. Under the E.U. each state will portion one currency called the Euro dollar, one cardinal banking system, and will be regulated with the same set of Torahs. In consequence the states of the E.U. will finally go one. The manner to a unified Europe is non an easy one ; jobs caused by states unwilling to give up their sovereignties, and by states afraid of the new Union continually slow advancement. The European Unions chief establishments are the European Parliament, the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, the Council of Ministers and the Court of Auditors. The Council and the European Parliament are the chief decision-taking organic structures of the E.U. EU citizens elect the 626 members of the European Parliament every five old ages. Their single authoritiess nominate the president and the other 19 members of the European Commission, which has the exclusive right to originate bill of exchange statute law. The first enterprises to set up a Union of European states were made during the wake of World War II. The Treaty of Rome was ratified in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community of six member provinces ; including Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The establishing members of the Community foremost combined their large industries. One of the first of import achievements of the EEC was the constitution of common monetary value degrees for agricultural merchandises in 1962. In 1968, internal duties ( duties on trade between member states ) were eliminated and a common external duty was fixed. Then they set about making a individual market in which goods, services, people and capital could travel approximately every bit freely as within a individual state. The procedure was bit by bit crossing 40 old ages and covering political and societal every bit good as economic and trade facets of states. The Union was officially completed and the indi vidual market went into consequence in January 1993. The Maastricht Treaty of the European Union was signed in the Dutch metropolis of Maastricht in December of 1991 and took consequence in November 1993. It strengthened the Community farther, by fixing the manner for economic and pecuniary brotherhood ( EMU ) and a individual currency called the Euro. Thymine he Maastricht pact besides added common foreign and security constabulary and cooperation on justness and constabulary personal businesss. The term European Union is really used to depict the wider Maastricht model in which all these alterations old and new take topographic point. The European Union is the name of the organisation for the states that have decided to co-operate on a great figure of countries runing from a individual market economic system, foreign policies, same sets of environmental Torahs, all the manner to exchange of condemnable records. Some of the jobs the E.U. is confronting are sovereignty and integrity. For 1000s of old ages Europe has been lacerate clip and once more by wars, which were mostly fueled by cultural or spiritual differences. Today Europeans are asked to set aside their differences and go one. With patriotism still strong throughout Europe many people are strongly against the E.U. The E.U. causes another major job for Europe and the remainder of the universe that is the enlargement of the Union. States from the former Warsaw Pact are eager to fall in the European Union but non Russia. Russia is opposing the move because of their xenophobic frights. Russia is afraid of the enlargement of the E.U. into Eastern block states. Russia presently feels unwanted by the European community. Russia is afraid that through the credence of the former Warsaw Pact states, they will lose even more economic land and one twenty-four hours might be greatly influenced by the states it one time controlled. The European Union is willing to accept the Warsaw Pact states into NATO and the E.U. given they meet the demands. The European Union is besides looking to convey the states of Central and Eastern Europe into rank. This is strongly supported by public sentiment in the bing provinces. So far nevertheless merely Poland and Hungary have officially applied for rank to the Union. The balance of power between the European Union and the member provinces is the chief object of resistance against the Union. Many people feel the control of major issues should come closer to the people non farther off. Peoples feel picks on economic development, societal plans, and condemnable jurisprudence should be left to the single provinces. The 2nd point of struggle against the E.U. is the Euro dollar. Many people feel that by giving up their currency they are in fact giving up their sovereignty. This point of struggle is merely going evident since the programs for the Euro dollar have been postponed and seemed unrealistic. Presently the program is to present the euro-denomination notes and coins by January 2002 in 11 of the 15 member provinces in the European Union. The execution of the E.U. has and will make many benefits for its citizens. Individual citizens can populate and work in the state of their pick, travel freely within the Union since boundary line controls have virtually disappeared and there are more goods available to the people. The E.U. has besides created a common European citizenship in add-on to national citizenships. Monetary Conversion Chart USD United States 1 USD=1 USD EUR Euroland 1 USD=1.126634 EUR ATS Austria 1 USD=15.502817 ATS AUD Australia 1 USD=1.968905 AUD BEF Belgium 1 USD=45.448288 BEF CAD Canada 1 USD=1.543488 CAD CHF Switzerland 1 USD=1.731185 CHF DEM Germany 1 USD=2.203504 DEM ESP Spain 1 USD=187.456061 ESP FRF France 1 USD=7.390232 FRF IEP Ireland 1 USD=0.887296 IEP ITL Italy 1 USD=2 181.466877 ITL JPY Japan 1 USD=123.557909 JPY GBP Great-Britain 1 USD=0.69795 GBP Impact and Decision I think in the hereafter the E.U. will hold a good consequence for all of Europe and America excessively. I believe the biggest impact will be economically, goods will be able to go freely through all of these states with small or no revenue enhancements or duties. In decision, I believe the E.U. is traveling to be a good thing for the full universe. This will convey people closer and do monetary values less expensive for goods and services. Plants Cited Bush, Gill A ; Stephen. The significance of the Maastricht Treaty. Available: www.yahoo.com/European Union. Cre`dit Mutuel, April 30, 2001. All About the Euro. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cmutuel.com. Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel, 2000. Economicss Private and Public Choices International currency convertor: 2001. European Central Bank. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //fxtop.com. Maastricht Treaty. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //ps.ucdavis.edu/

Marine Biology Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Ocean Pollution

Marine Biology Aquarium Assignment A major source of coastal pollutants, human sewage fouls bays and beaches with both toxic and nontoxic pollutants. Although billions of dollars have been invested in sewage treatment plants to treat wastewater, new and growing coastal communities have increased the amount of discharge into oceans and estuaries. The United States Office of Technology Assessment has identified thirteen hundred major industries and six hundred municipal wastewater treatment plants that discharge into coastal waters of the United States. Many toxic substances enter the sea through the sewer systems, but others originate as industrial discharges. For many toxic substances, we do not yet know how to determine their extent or fate in the marine environment or to evaluate their effects on marine life. Some of the better-known trace metals and toxic chemicals include mercury, copper, lead, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, synthetic chlorine-containing compounds, are created for use as pesticides or are by-products of the manufacture of plastics. Oil is a very dangerous thing when it comes to oil spills into the ocean. These catastrophic oil spills engender a concern for the marine environment as no invisible containment can. Spilled oil floats on seawater and provides a constant reminder of its presence until it is washed ashore, sinks, or evaporates. Large volumes of oil suffocate benthic organisms by clogging their gills and filtering structures or fouling their digestive tracts. Marine birds and mammals suffer heavily as their feathers or fur become oil soaked and matter, and they lose insulation and buoyancy. Until recently, marine debris was considered to be of minor importance when compared to other pollutants. Problems caused by marine debris, however may rival or exceed those resulting from some better known pollutants, including oil. By definition, marine debris is any manufactured object discarded in the marine environment. When dumped, it may sink to the sea floor, remain suspended at mid-depths, or float at the surface and eventually be carried ashore by winds and waves. Plastics constitute as great an environmental threat as all the other kinds of debris, combined. Although plastics may break up into smaller pieces, they degrade much more slowly than most other kinds of debris, and most plastics float. Concentrations of plastics tend to be highest in the Northern Hemisphere, where vessel traffic is the heaviest, where most plastics manufacturers and fabricators are located, and where more intensive recreational use is made of beaches and coastal waters. Hopefully, as we approach the twenty-first century, we can learn to leave some old and wasteful habits behind. It will not be easy or simple, but each one of us must develop a sense of stewardship toward the world ocean and its